Grant Gee

Grant Gee is a film director most noted for his documentary about the British alternative rock group Radiohead, Meeting People Is Easy (1999), which followed the band on their tour for their highly acclaimed third album, OK Computer (1997).

External links

- Gee, Grant Gee, Grant

Alternative rock

The terms alternative rock and alternative music were coined in the early 1980s to describe punk rock-inspired music genres which didn't fit into the mainstream genres of the time. At times it was used as catch-all phrase for rock music from underground artists in the 1980s and rock music in general in the 1990s and 2000s. More specifically, it is made up mostly of genres that appeared in the 1980s and became popular or well known by the 1990s, such as indie rock, grunge, post-punk, gothic rock, and college rock. Most alternative bands were unified by their collective debt to punk, which laid the groundwork for underground and alternative music in the 1970s. Though the genre is considered to be rock, some of its genres were influenced by folk music, reggae, techno and jazz music among other genres.

Overview

In the late 1970s and early 1980s only CFNY, a commercial radio station in Toronto, Ontario, regularly broadcast alternative rock in North America. By 1982, a handful of college radio stations, like Danbury, Connecticut's WXCI, and WPRB in Princeton, NJ, broadcast alternative rock in the United States. Most commercial stations, CFNY being a notable exception, ignored the genre. It was played extensively in the UK, particularly by DJs such as John Peel (who championed alternative music on BBC Radio 1), Richard Skinner, and Annie Nightingale. American college DJs such as John Soloman of WPRB echoed the alternative wave as early as 1986 on his daily radio shows. As such, alternative rock became more popular in the mid-1980s, it spread widely to other college radio stations, leading to the use of the name "college rock" in the United States. In the UK, it became the predominantly popular form of rock for young people, and many alternative bands had chart success. Finally, in the late 1980s in North America, commercial stations such as Boston, Massachusetts's WFNX began playing alternative rock. By that time, CFNY's format was moving away from alternative as university radio stations took over the genre. Outside of North America, Triple J, a government-funded radio station in Australia, started broadcasting alternative rock from 1975 in Sydney. In 1990 it began broadcasting nationally, albeit with what some perceived as a "watered down" format. Notable alternative bands of the early to mid 1980s include R.E.M., Sonic Youth, the Replacements, and Hüsker Dü from the United States, and New Order, The Smiths, The Cure, and The Jesus and Mary Chain from the United Kingdom. Although these groups never generated spectacular album sales, they exerted a considerable influence on the generation of musicians who came of age in the 80s. Alternative music and the rebellious, DIY ethic it espoused became one of the inspirations for grunge, an alternative sub-genre created in the 80s that launched a large movement in mainstream music in the early 90s. Led by the popularity of Nirvana, the grunge movement took alternative rock into the mainstream. While "alternative" was simply an umbrella term for a diverse collection of underground rock bands, Nirvana and similar groups gave it a reputation for being a distinct style of guitar based rock which combined elements of punk and metal; their creation met with considerable commercial success. By the mid-90s, alternative was synonymous with grunge in the eyes of the mass media and the general public, and a supposed "alternative culture" was being marketed to the mainstream in much the same way as the hippie counterculture had in the 1960s (the existence of any such culture is debatable, and is often seen by some fans of the music to have been a creation of the media). By this time, however, alternative bands who were leery of broad commercial success had developed indie rock, a new genre that espoused a return to the original ethos of alternative music. In the first decade of the 21st century, mainstream rock has continued to evolve beyond alternative's 80s roots and low-fidelity ethos. Today's most popular rock music acts, typified by youth oriented modern rock groups such as Linkin Park, incorporate complex electronic beats and highly produced albums, but owe a heavy debt to their metal and grunge influences. In spite of being influenced by alternative rock, many fans of the genre do not see these bands as being alternative, but instead as part of the nu-metal genre.

Influences

- Punk rock
- Post punk
- New wave music
- Industrial music
- Hardcore punk
- Heavy metal

Styles

- Britpop
- Christian alternative music
- College rock
- Dream pop
- Gothic rock
- Grunge
- Indie rock
- Industrial rock
- Jam band
- Jangle pop
- Madchester
- Noise pop
- Paisley Underground
- Psychobilly
- Shoegazing
- Twee pop

Footnotes

# The term "alternative music" is particularly favored over "alternative rock" in British English, while "alternative rock" is favored in American English. The term underground music is sometimes also used, though more often used in reference to the music of little-known artists.

External links

- [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&token=ADFEAEE47B16DF49AD7320C59E3349DCA77AF129D342F382172E4B41D3A77F4B82006AE050F98488F2A326F878AEE02BBB580FD3CEA25EF6DE6E373D8DFEC61D&sql=77:4464 All Music Guide entry for alternative rock]
- [http://www.bandnews.org/genre/Rock/Alternative Alternative Rock News]
- [http://www.y100rocks.com Alternative Rock Internet Radio Station] Category:Alternative music Category:Rock music genres Category:radio formats ja:オルタナティブ・ミュージック

Radiohead

Radiohead is a British alternative rock band from Oxford and nearby Abingdon, comprising five members:
- Thom Yorke, the lead singer, who also plays acoustic guitar, rhythm guitar, and piano;
- Jonny Greenwood, who plays lead guitar, keyboards, modular synthesiser, Ondes Martenot, and glockenspiel, and creates sounds with a laptop;
- Ed O'Brien, who plays supplemental guitar, often with effects pedals, and provides backing vocals and auxiliary percussion;
- Colin Greenwood, who plays bass guitar, keyboards, sampler, and synthesisers; and
- Phil Selway, who plays percussion, including drums, and provides backing vocals.

Overview and Influence

Fans, music critics, and fellow musicians tend to regard them as among the most fearlessly creative bands of their era, although they are not universally popular. In general, Radiohead's music is more complex than that of other pop musicians, incorporating a wide range of influences across genres and time periods, but they identify with the punk and post-punk movements rather than with progressive rock. Thom Yorke and Jonny Greenwood are chiefly responsible for songwriting, with Yorke initating a song, while Jonny develops it. In recent years band members have sometimes embraced less clearly defined roles. For example, bassist Colin Greenwood wrote much of "Dollars & Cents", a track on Amnesiac, by playing string samples from Alice Coltrane's work on top of a simple bassline, inspiring his brother Jonny's subsequent arrangement. Yorke, who usually plays lead, switched to bass guitar on the song "The National Anthem", the instrument usually played by Colin. Producer Nigel Godrich has worked with the band since the recording of The Bends, where he assisted producer John Leckie. He has contributed significantly to their sound, and has often been dubbed the "sixth member" of the band. Graphic artist Stanley Donwood met Yorke at the University of Exeter, and has collaborated with Yorke to produce the artwork for the band's albums since their My Iron Lung EP. Yorke works with Donwood under an alias, usually "Tchock", "Tchocky", or "Dr. Tchock". The two also created the band's official website, [http://www.radiohead.com/ Radiohead.com]. See section: Radiohead and the Internet. Early influences include The Beatles, The Smiths, Pink Floyd, Elvis Costello, Joy Division, Pixies, Talking Heads, Roxy Music, R.E.M., U2 and the Jam among others. Later influences have included jazz musicians like Charles Mingus, Miles Davis, Ornette Coleman and Krautrock pioneers such as Kraftwerk, Neu! and Can, whose song "Thief" Radiohead has covered. Electronic music artists like Aphex Twin, Squarepusher, and Autechre have also been cited as important influences on Kid A and Amnesiac. The work of Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki informed some of Radiohead's string-oriented songs such as How To Disappear Completely, but more significantly, French composer Olivier Messiaen, who made much use of the Ondes Martenot, is a longtime idol of Johnny Greenwood whose work is adored by all members of the band. Members of Radiohead are also fans of reggae, dub reggae, and classic soul music, particularly Booker T & the MGs for Colin. Band recommendations, DJ sets and webcasts have included anything from noisy Welsh indie rock (i.e. Mclusky) to underground European electronic artists to St. James' Infirmary to the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Mahalia Jackson, and Gilberto Gil. The band are huge fans of Outkast and DJ Shadow, the former most likely having influenced recent albums and the latter certainly influential on OK Computer. Old-school hip hop has also informed their more recent work. Artists they have invited to open for them on tour include Sigur Ros, Supergrass, Spiritualized, Sparklehorse, Stephen Malkmus (of Pavement), Low, Clinic, and the Beta Band, among others.

History

(1986–1991) Formation and first years

Beta Band The Radiohead story began in the mid-Eighties at Abingdon School, a private boys-only school located just outside the city of Oxford. Drummer Phil Selway was a year above Thom Yorke and Ed O'Brien, bassist Colin Greenwood a year below them, and Colin's multi-instrumentalist brother Jonny two years below him. Though the five didn't know each other that well, they began meeting up in the school's music department, which Yorke describes as "great-no one came down there, and there were these tiny rooms with soundproofed cubicles." Colin remembers Abingdon's music school as a place "where we would all run and hide away from the tedious conformity of timetables and uniforms." It wasn't long before the boys formed a more or less permanent band, playing music heavily influenced by acts like Joy Division, Magazine, U2, R.E.M., Brett Boucher, Elvis Costello and the Smiths. After trying and ditching a series of names, they finally settled on the rather uninspired On A Friday in honour of the day they regularly rehearsed. The band played their first gig in August 1986, at Oxford's Jericho Tavern. Jonny Greenwood, Colin's younger brother, became the final addition to the band when Colin took him along to rehearsals as a shortcut to babysitting him. Soon he began to take his keyboard along and play any parts they wanted on top. It was a long time before Jonny became an official member of the band. Even though the band were already fairly certain that they wanted to keep playing together, when it came time for college, all chose to bow to parental pressure and continue their education, putting music on the back burner. For almost four years On A Friday didn't play a single gig, and they rehearsed only during holiday breaks. In 1991, the band reemerged to release its first demo tapes. Their first one—the Manic Hedgehog Demo (named after an Oxford record shop)—brought the group to another gig in the Jericho Tavern. In the meantime, the band had already appeared on the cover of Curfew, a magazine based in Oxford.

(1992–1995) Pablo Honey and The Bends

Manic Hedgehog Demo Things went fast as On A Friday started being booked for gigs frequently. Various record labels showed interest and eventually the group signed a 6-album recording contract with EMI. The band was signed not long after the members had graduated from university. The only member of Radiohead without a university degree is Jonny, the youngest, who abandoned his course in psychology at Oxford Polytechnic when the band got signed. Responding to the critic in Curfew who characterised their name as mundane, the band decided to swap it for the title of a cod-reggae tune, "Radio Head" on Talking Heads' True Stories album. The record is a band favourite and would later be a major influence on their own Kid A. After spending a year trying to break into the consciousness of the British music press, they finally did become well-known with "Creep" in 1992. The band subsequently released Pablo Honey in 1993, began touring America, and nearly broke up over the pressure. The band's debut release was a self-produced EP, described by Chris Hufford as "not a clever move." "A huge conflict of interests. I think Thom was very insecure of my involvement. I'd had that happen to me as an artist when one of our managers acted as producer. There was definitely some friction on that front. Otherwise it was a treat; we fired out the songs." The 4-track Drill EP came out in March 1992 with Prove Yourself as the lead track. It reached 101 in the UK singles chart. The band then hired Paul Kolderie and Sean Slade, who produced Buffalo Tom's "Let Me Come Over," as producers. The album was finished in three weeks in an Oxford studio. Although representing a style from which the band would later move, songs like the big self-loathing hit "Creep," "Anyone Can Play Guitar," "Thinking About You," and "You" were popular. Because the album kept on breaking around the world, the Pablo Honey supporting tour moved into its second year. However, some critics and record buyers labeled the band as a "one-hit-wonder" on the heels of "Creep"'s massive success. The band was fully aware of this, and began work on their second album immediately after the tour finished. The hiring of producing legend John Leckie to make their next record—The Bends—showed that the band had further developed as musicians and the latter contributed significantly to the sound of the album. "The best part about working with John Leckie," Jonny recalls, "was that he didn't dictate anything to us. He allowed us to figure out what we wanted to do ourselves." Previous producers Kolderie, Hufford and Slade participated in the mixing process and the selection of tracks. Nevertheless, the first sessions were exceedingly difficult, as the pressure to make a follow-up that would build on the success of Pablo Honey created high levels of tension within the band. Recalling these sessions, Leckie said: "It was either going to be Sulk, The Bends, Nice Dream, or Just. We had to give those absolute attention, make them amazing, instant smash hits number 1 in America. Everyone was pulling their hair and saying, 'It's not good enough!' We were trying too hard!" Thereafter, the band responded by seeking a change of scenery, quitting the studio and touring Australasia and the Far East. Trying new songs while touring relaxed the atmosphere and helped in making their second album. Hufford claimed that "it made them re-evaluate what they were good at and enjoyed doing. Playing live again put the perspective back on what they'd lost in the studio." The EP My Iron Lung (1994) was released between the two albums while the band were touring and saw them in a transitional stage between the pop-like Pablo Honey and the musical depth of their sophomore album. Having worked the songs in on the road, they returned to Britain and completed the album at once in a fortnight in late 1994. It was swiftly mixed and released in May 1995. It wasn't successful until their third single "Street Spirit (Fade Out)", which hit the Top 5 in UK. The album finally bounced to the charts in 1996. The Bends drew heavily on 1960s influences as well as the then-popular music exemplified by groups such as R.E.M. and the Pixies. Songs like "High & Dry", "Fake Plastic Trees", "My Iron Lung" (the band's response to their big hit "Creep") and "Street Spirit (Fade Out)" were striking, original and profound, hinting that the group were growing as musicians and were on the way to lasting fame. Although not regarded as a proper Britpop album, it was associated with the movement and in early 1996, Radiohead—widely praised a year after the album's release—took part in Cool Britannia, battling famous acts like Oasis, Blur, Pulp, and Suede. The Bends is now considered by many critics and fans to be one of the best albums of the mid-1990s.

(1996–1998) OK Computer

Thom Yorke said that the Bends succeeded because "we had to put ourselves into an environment where we felt free to work. And that's why we want to produce the next one ourselves, because the times we most got off on making the last record were when we were just completely communicating with ourselves, and John Leckie wasn't really saying much, and it was just all happening." The band didn't know it at the time, but already one new song was recorded for the album: "Lucky", especially produced in September 1995 for the [http://www.warchild.com War Child] charity's The Help Album, which was an indicator of the bands next steps. With the assistance of engineer Nigel Godrich, Radiohead really did produce their next album themselves. They bought their own recording gear and went to work on OK Computer in early 1996. By July they had recorded four songs with producer Nigel Godrich at their rehearsal studio, Canned Applause, a converted shed with the latest recording equipment. Their plan was to stay away from traditional recording studios and the bad vibes they'd previously set off in the band. After recording four songs, and having learnt from The Bends, they decided to perform the songs live, touring with Alanis Morissette, before completing the record. The rest were recorded in actress Jane Seymour's 15th-century mansion in St. Catherine's Court near Bath. Unfortunately, some of the same tension present during the Bends sessions appeared once again during the track selection for OK Computer. At the end the band learned that creative tensions isn't necessary a bad thing. By the end of the year the album was finished and February and March it was mixed and mastered. On 16 June, 1997 OK Computer was released and received even greater acclaim than The Bends, featuring prominently in many "best album" polls, then and now. It found Radiohead introducing uncommon musical elements, experimenting with ambience and noise to create a set of songs that many consider to be a high point of late-twentieth-century rock music. It received a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Album and was followed by their big "Against Demons World Tour". Grant Gee, the director of the "No Surprises" video, accompanied the band on their tour and filmed it, which resulted in the "fly on the wall" documentary Meeting People Is Easy, which showed the band starting from their first and foremost tours and finishing in their late burn-out dates in mid-1998. During this time their performance at the Glastonbury Festival (shown briefly in Meeting People Is Easy), just after the release of OK Computer, was hailed by Michael Eavis as one of the greatest gigs ever performed at the festival. OK Computer has been named the best album of the past 20 years by US music magazine Spin, and the best album of the 1990s by the online music publication Pitchfork, as well as numerous other publications and public votes. The band released two EPs No Surprises/Running From Demons (1997) and Airbag/How Am I Driving? (1998), which differ only by a couple of songs. The more notable is the second, which has few songs that could best be described as a bridge between the progressive alternative rock of OK Computer and their subsequent experimental work. OK Computer and The Verve's final powerful alternative album—Urban Hymns—were regarded as a boost to the already dying Britpop movement, despite the fact that both records departed from the style. Nevertheless OK Computer is regarded by some as one of the greatest rock albums and still tops various charts. It defined Radiohead as top superstars and elevated them to the pantheon of the greatest bands of 90s, among such seminal acts as R.E.M., U2, Nirvana and Pearl Jam. During this time, Radiohead also contributed two songs to Baz Luhrmann's 1996 adaptation of Romeo and Juliet, "Talk Show Host" and "Exit Music (For a Film)". The former is b-side to "Street Spirit (Fade Out)" found also on the soundtrack to the film, while the latter was included in OK Computer.

(1999–2001) Kid A and Amnesiac

Exit Music (For a Film)Exhausted by their fame and on the verge of burning out, following the end of the "Against Demons World Tour" in middle 1998, the band spent the next year in relative quiet. Thom Yorke admitted that after the tour the band was close to splitting up, and that he himself had fallen into depression for a time. Colin Greenwood said: "It felt a bit like we were in a dead-end street and that was really frustrating." The band only appeared at the Amnesty International Concert in Paris (10 December 1998), and Thom and Jonny performed at the Tibetan Freedom Concert in Amsterdam, where a new song, "Pyramid Song", made its live debut. Thom Yorke claims that New Years Eve 1998 was one of the most depressing days of his entire life. During this time he began a big friendship with R.E.M.'s frontman Michael Stipe, who had a big influence over his mental health and artistic career. According to Thom, Michael helped him a lot to overcome the depression. The band however were still working on the follow-up, but rather chaotically and were less organised than previous times. Thom said: "I think it was the first time we didn't have a clue what we were going to do, what we were doing. We were just experimenting. We've been in this state for about a year, just fooling around, trying out stuff and listening to what we did, then it finally started to get into shape... after about 18 months." But, after O'Brien's collaboration for the BBC drama series "Eureka Street" in middle 1999, the band holed completely in the studio to record. The amount of the material was huge—about 40 new songs, from which they chose 30 for their subsequent two records. Radiohead refused to make a follow-up of OK Computer in the same musical vein and chose to be even more ambitious than before, creating an experimental electronic album with minimal guitar work that complemented the lyrical and musical hooks of their earlier work with a more minimalist style. Yorke [http://www.insidecx.com/interviews/archive/radiohead2.html explained] that the band wanted "to experiment and find new angles, leave the old paths. We tried to treat the album like a song, let the album develop itself rather than giving it a shape and moulding it into a shape, and it worked. It was a completely different way we used for work and it was rather liberating." BBC Their fourth record, Kid A, was released in October 2, 2000 - three-and-half years after OK Computer. The band cited Alice Coltrane, Charles Mingus and Paul Lansky as influences, as well as the entire back catalogue of Warp Records. The album's arrangements have been likened to a meeting of Pink Floyd and Aphex Twin. Kid A received a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Album just as its predecessor did, but some critics complained that the record was too self-indulgent and radio-unfriendly. Despite this, Kid A is now considered one of their finest records and greatest achievements. The online music publication Pitchfork Media [http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/top/2000-04/index10.shtml] picked Kid A as the finest album of the first half of this decade. The follow-up, Amnesiac, which was released in June of the following year, comprised further tracks from the same recording sessions. Conceived as two separate sequences of songs, the two albums are similar in style and influences; linked by two different versions of the song, "Morning Bell." Amnesiac is often viewed by critics as the less accomplished of the two works and has been criticised for its lack of cohesion. However, most fans and a growing number of critics refer to this lack of continuity as a deliberate device used by Radiohead to distinguish Amnesiac from Kid A. The album did not quite match Kid As sales, but came close. There is some argument among fans over which of the two albums is better. After its release, the band staged their own mini-festival in Oxford's South Park, featuring Beck, Sigur Rós, Supergrass, Humphrey Lyttelton (who played trumpet on "Life in a Glass House", the closing track on Amnesiac), and themselves. Initially the band wanted to release "I Might Be Wrong" as their new single after "Pyramid Song" and "Knives Out", but soon the idea expanded into a fully-fledged live record. In the fall of 2001, they released their first live album: I Might Be Wrong: Live Recordings, featuring performances from Berlin, Paris, London and a couple of other concerts as well as one unreleased track, "True Love Waits".

(2002–2004) Hail to the Thief

I Might Be Wrong: Live Recordings On the heels of the Amnesiac tour the band took their new material on the road in Portugal and Spain during July and August 2002 prior to recording it. The recording process of the album was more like The Bends sessions, rather than the slower Kid A/Amnesiac sessions. With the songs fleshed out and finalised during the tour, the band completed the album in a Los Angeles studio in a fortnight. In 2003 the band released their sixth album Hail to the Thief, which was rooted in less overt experimentation than its two immediate predecessors but was still a long way from their earlier guitar-driven material. The album's title was seen as a comment on the 2000 U.S. presidential election. Even though the band denied that it had any reference to George W. Bush's election 'win', and the subsequent Bush presidency, the view that it was might be seen as appropriate when taking into consideration the artwork and themes of some of the songs on the album, such as the track "2 + 2 = 5", which refers to George Orwell's political commentary Nineteen Eighty-Four. Hail to the Thief gathered lukewarm reviews on release, mainly based on the fact that it was not considered 'genre-redefining' to the extent Kid A and OK Computer were analysed to be. However, in the greater scheme of popular music, many fans and critics consider it to be an on a par with Radiohead's previous work. The record revisits every era of Radiohead's sound, varying from experimental electronica to crunching guitars, and is infused with a certain swagger that band members attribute to the quick, energetic recording sessions. After the release of Hail to the Thief, Radiohead embarked on a vast international tour, lasting about a year. The band showed a relaxed attitude during interviews and press conference and at the stage shows, they were dancing and grinning. The tour saw the band visiting Australia and Japan for the first time since their OK Computer tour in 1997–1998, more than 6 years previous. Many Australian fans were deeply upset by the cancellation of the last show merely hours before its scheduled start due to problems with Yorke's throat. Radiohead again, in June 2003, headlined the main (Pyramid) stage on the Saturday of the Glastonbury Festival. Like in 1997, the perfomance was greeted to huge crowd acclaim and positive press reviews. Also in 2003, Jonny Greenwood, with the help of his brother Colin Greenwood, recorded and produced the soundtrack to the avant-garde documentary Bodysong. About one year after the release of Hail to the Thief, Radiohead released a new EP titled COM LAG (2plus2isfive), while on their 2004 tour in Australia and Japan. With 10 tracks, COM LAG is longer than the average Radiohead EP. It features live takes, remixes, and different versions of Hail to the Thief-era songs, as well as a handful of acoustic and electronic numbers. The band finished touring and promoting Hail to the Thief in mid-2004 with an acclaimed performance at the Coachella Festival.
(2005–2006) Current recording sessions
At first, the band stated that it's natural to record some more material on the heels of the previous record and started jamming in their Oxford based studio. This didn't last long, as Ed and Colin were expecting children, and the band wanted some time off after a three-album cycle. Free of any contractual obligations, Radiohead spent the rest of 2004 resting and devoting themselves to solo projects and recordings with other artists, only recording sporadically. They released the DVD version of their webcast television show, The Most Gigantic Lying Mouth Of All Time, in December 2004. Jonny Greenwood and Phil Selway had cameo roles in the film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, for which they recorded three songs, but their fictional band The Wyrd Sisters, fronted by Pulp's Jarvis Cocker, only got a few minutes of screen time. Jonny became a composer for the BBC, charged with creating classical pieces. He and Thom collaborated with many other artists for the Band Aid 20 project, playing guitar and piano, respectively. Radiohead returned to recording sessions in early 2005, although they recorded on and off in during the hiatus. The band got together back in January 2005 and Thom played a bunch of his new songs for the others. Having never heard the material before, the rest of the band just jumped in and started adding their own parts. The whole recording process has been portrayed as "unorganised" and very different than the usual ways Radiohead has recorded before. Later Thom described this change to NME as the way the band worked during the gap of OK Computer and Kid A. It's unknown whether close collaborator Nigel Godrich will participate in the making of the album, as the bandmembers are capable enough to produce it themselves. At the moment Nigel is doing work on the new album of Travis. It's been reported that he is frequently visiting the studio, where the band is recording, and that Thom gave him a tape with some new songs. It's known that regular graphic artist "in charge" Stanley Donwood will be painting for them again. Stanley Donwood It's been revealed that it's unlikely that the band would re-sign with EMI. Their management also dismissed rumours that Warner Music were lining up to sign the band, saying: "The band (are) not looking for a record company in any way, shape or form. They are out of a contract, but they're not actively looking for another one. They're getting on with doing what they do." In March 2005 Thom and Jonny played at the Ether Festival, unveiling a new song "Arpeggi", in the process. A month later, in April, Thom played an acoustic solo gig at the Trade Justice vigil at Westminster, playing a new song, "House of Cards", and three 'lost' songs, "Big Ideas" (from the Kid A/Amnesiac sessions), "Last Flowers" (shelved from the OK Computer era) and "Reckoner" (between the Kid A/Amnesiac and Hail to the Thief). In early September, the band recorded a new song; "I Want None Of This", for the War Child album Help - a Day in the Life. It is a simple piano-based song, with a minimalist style & some haunting backing vocals. On September 30, Thom [http://www.radiohead.com/deadairspace/images/P1000008.jpg posted] a photo on their own on-line [http://www.radiohead.com/deadairspace/ blog]of what seems to be a list of 21 songs for the band to work on. A [http://www.ateaseweb.com/mb/index.php?s=e9642075767b00046265ff4014388b52&showtopic=60694&st=0&#entry1574997 list] has been extrapolated by members of the ateaseweb.com fansite. Not all of these songs will make the cut and probably these are not all the songs that Radiohead are currently working on. Although it is unknown how many songs will land on the new album, it is likely that the remaining songs will either be used as b-sides, or remain on the back burner for further releases. It is possible that some songs may be scrapped completely, but unlikely as the band rarely does so. Tracks touted for the new album include the aformentioned "Big Ideas" (aka "Nude"), dating back from the Kid A-sessions and "Last Flowers" - an OK Computer leftover. Other titles for tracks which are being considered for the new album from the sessions, which is expected some time Summer 2006, include "Rubbernecks", "Bodysnatchers", "Solutions", "A Pig's Ear", "Burn The Witch", "Suit Don't Fit", "Down Is The New Up" (speculated to be a prospective title for the new album), "Morning Mi' Lord", as well as the already mentioned "House Of Cards", "Reckoner" and "Arpeggi". The band are already discussing next year's tour dates, although no dates are confirmed. Thom said the following on the official site messageboard: "Next year we will play some small gigs. Actually maybe a couple of large ones too...". On 22 October, 2005, Thom and Ed made another appearance at the blog and messageboard. Apparently, Radiohead have finished two weeks of non-stop recording sessions, making one track a day, afterwards the band will take November off and will return in December to record until Christmas. As it is already December 2005 it can be assumed that the band are currently in the studio recording final touches of their upcoming album.
Samples

Discography

Studio albums
Image:Radiohead.pablohoney.albumart.jpg|Pablo Honey
February 22 1993(UK)
#25 (UK), #32 (US) Image:Radiohead.bends.albumart.jpg| The Bends
March 13, 1995
(UK) - #4 (UK), #88 (US) Image:Radiohead.okcomputer.albumart.jpg| OK Computer
June 16, 1997
(UK) - #1 (UK), #21 (US); Image:Radiohead.kida.albumart.jpg| Kid A
October 2, 2000
#1 (UK), #1 (US) Image:Radiohead.amnesiac.albumart.jpg| Amnesiac
June 4, 2001
#1 (UK), #2 (US) Image:Radiohead.hailtothetheif.albumart.jpg| Hail to the Thief
June 9, 2003
#1 (UK), #3 (US)
Selected EPs
Image:Rad01.jpg|Drill
(1992) Image:Radiohead itch.jpg|Itch
(1994)
(Japan/New Zealand) Image:My Iron Lung.jpg|My Iron Lung
(1994) Image:Nosurprises front.jpg|No Surprises/Running From Demons
(1997)
'(Japan) Image:Airbag.jpg|Airbag/How Am I Driving?
(1998)
(U.S.)
#56 U.S. Image:Radiohead.imightbewrong.albumart.jpg|I Might Be Wrong: Live Recordings
(2001)
#22 UK, #44 US Image:Radiohead Com Lag (japan) CD cover.png|COM LAG (2plus2isfive)
(2004)
(Japan)
#37 U.K. Other
- Live Au Forum (1995) (France)
- The Bends Pinkpop(1996) (Netherlands)
- Amnesiac College EP (2001) (U.S. College Radio)
Singles

Multimedia

Videos

- Live at the Astoria (1995, VHS/DVD)
- 7 Television Commercials (1998, VHS/DVD)
- Meeting People Is Easy (1999, VHS/DVD)
- The Most Gigantic Lying Mouth Of All Time (2004, DVD)
Books

- Radiohead: An Illustrated Biography by Nick Johnstone (1997, ISBN 0711965811)
- Radiohead: From a Great Height by Jonathan Hale (1999, ISBN 1550223739)
- Radiohead: Hysterical and Useless by Martin Clarke (2000, ISBN 0859653323)
- Exit Music: The Radiohead Story by Mac Randall, (2000, ISBN 0385333935)
- Radiohead: Back to Save the Universe by James Doheny (2002, ISBN 1560253983)
- Radiohead: A Visual Documentary by Tim Footman and Billy Dancer (2002, ISBN 1842401793)
- The Music and Art of Radiohead edited by Joseph Tate (2005, ISBN 0754639800)
References

- Ross, Alex (August 20 and 27, 2001). [http://www.therestisnoise.com/2004/04/mahler_1.html The Searchers: Radiohead's unquiet revolution.] The New Yorker.
- Rock On The Net: [http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-r/radiohead_main.htm Radiohead]
External links

Collector links

- [http://www.rhdiscog.com/ RHDiscog.com - Radiohead Discography]:The most comprehensive Radiohead discography on the internet.
- [http://www.asuaf.org/~radiohead Track Resource]:A list of every officially released version of every Radiohead song. Includes scans of the releases from which each version is found.
General links

- [http://www.radiohead.com/ Radiohead.com]: The official Radiohead website. The Messageboard has gathered a cult following. Members of the band occasionally post there.
- [http://www.waste.uk.com/ W.A.S.T.E. Products Ltd.]: Official Radiohead merchandise store.
- [http://www.radioheadfaq.co.uk/ Talk In Maths: 'A Not Even Remotely Official Radiohead FAQ'.]: Site packed with general information and facts about the band.
- [http://www.skwik.com/news/radiohead.shtml Radiohead News]: Latest headlines on Radiohead.
- [http://www.ateaseweb.com/ At Ease]: The largest fansite with detailed information on the band. Has an extremely popular message board.
- [http://www.greenplastic.com Green Plastic]: Another large Radiohead fan and news site.
- [http://www.nepasavaler.net/ ne pas a.v.a.l.e.r.]: The main French fansite very detailed section on songs and discs. Very active forum.
- [http://www.radioheadperu.com Radiohead Perú] Sitio web peruano sobre Radiohead con contenido en español.
- [http://www.radiohead.com/deadairspace/ Dead Air Space]:Radiohead's blog for its 7th LP
- [http://www.antimusic.com/lowdown/05/radiohead.shtml The Radiohead Backlash] Article
Lyrics links

- [http://lyrics.rare-lyrics.com/R/Radiohead.html Radiohead Lyrics @ Rare-lyrics]: Unofficial collection of Radiohead lyrics (various errors and typos, though).
- [http://www.geocities.com/radiohead_lyrics/ Monkey Picture Soundtrack]: An independent transcription and analysis of Radiohead's lyrics, devoted to demystifying Yorke's unclear vocal deliveries.
- [http://pulk-pull.org/ Pulk-Pull]: An on-going investigation of the band's music and art.
- [http://greenplastic.com/lyrics/]: Comprehensive list of all songs and their lyrics
- Category:Alternative musical groups Category:Rock music groups Category:British musical groups Category:English musical groups ja:レディオヘッド

OK Computer
OK Computer is the third album by British rock band Radiohead. It was recorded at St Catherine's Court, the country house of Jane Seymour near Bath, mixed at Abbey Road Studios and released on June 16, 1997 in the United Kingdom and on July 1 in the United States. The album met with wide critical acclaim and commercial success, putting the British group at the forefront of modern rock. Arguably Radiohead's most significant work to date, OK Computer won a Grammy Award in 1998 in the category of Best Alternative Music Performance. OK Computer is consistently featured on many critics' "best albums" lists, including a number 1 placing in a 1998 Q magazine readers' poll. In 1997 it was placed at number 7 in a 'Music of the Millennium' poll conducted by HMV, Channel 4, The Guardian and Classic FM; while in 2003 the TV network VH1 placed it at number 94. The album also came as Number One in the Top 100 Albums programme broadcast on Channel 4 on April 17, 2005 in Britain. In June 2005 it was named as Spin Magazines No. 1 album, [http://www.spin.com/features/magazine/covers/2005/06/0507_cover_greatest_albums/] and in 2004 it placed number 3 on MuchMusic's best 50 albums since 1980. Rolling Stone's list of the "500 greatest albums of all time" placed OK Computer at 162. The album's design is a collage of images and text by Stanley Donwood, who is credited with design on several Radiohead covers. Some of the text is hidden, including several phrases in Esperanto. Translations into English can be found in the unofficial Radiohead FAQ (see External links). Colin Greenwood said about the album: "I think the overall mood on the record is starker than The Bends. I think that there is a consistent sound to 80 percent of the new album. I think we made things a little bit more extreme on this record. The important thing for us on this record was that we produce it ourselves. We had to learn how to make decisions amongst the six of us. There was the five people in the band and the engineer/mixer Nigel Godrich. We learned a lot from doing it on our own and in retrospect, we are very proud of this record."
Recording history and trivia
By July 1996, Canned Applause was set up for recording. It was the first time the band had attempted to cut album tracks outside of a conventional studio environment. Despite the experimental and unconventional setting, four songs from Canned Applause found their way onto the album. The songs were "Subterranean Homesick Alien", "Electioneering", "The Tourist" and "No Surprises". At late July and August, they returned briefly for touring to present and try the new songs. In September they moved to St. Catherine's Court – a mansion owned by actress Jane Seymour – where they recorded the rest of OK Computer, without pressure. They made much use of the various different rooms and atmospheres throughout the house, and the isolation from the outside world encouraged time to run at a different pace, making working hours more flexible and spontaneous. A couple of songs – "Exit Music (For a Film)" and "Let Down" – were recorded live. By Christmas 1996, the album was finished, and in February and March was mixed. Ed O'Brien said: "The biggest pressure was actually completing it, we weren't given any deadlines and we had complete freedom to do what we wanted. We were delaying it because we were a bit frightened of actually finishing stuff."
- "Airbag" was based on Thom's irrational distrust in all forms of mechanised transport, brought on by a car accident that Yorke was in back in 1987 with his girlfriend at the time. Thom was unharmed but his girlfriend suffered whiplash; the song was originally titled "Last Night an Airbag Saved My Life".
- "Paranoid Android", a reference to the depressed robot Marvin from Douglas Adams' Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, was an amalgamation of three songs. It was based on The Beatles' "Happiness is a Warm Gun". "The Beatles (The White Album)" ended up being one of the most listened-to albums during the recording session. This song was written after Yorke went to a Los Angeles bar and saw one particularly wild woman screaming at people after another patron accidentally spilled a drink on her. She is, Yorke tells us, "the kicking squealing Gucci little piggy".
- "Subterranean Homesick Alien" is a play on the title of Bob Dylan's Subterranean Homesick Blues. Written by Thom after his car stalled in the middle of a dirt track, as noted in the line "I wish that they'd swoop down in a country lane, late at night when I'm driving". He also based some of the lyrics on an essay he wrote in school describing what would happen if an alien landed in your yard.
- "Exit Music (For a Film)" was recorded in the chilly stone entrance hall. Of this song Thom Yorke said, "It was the first performance that we recorded where every note of it makes me really happy." It was originally commisioned by Baz Luhrman for Romeo and Juliet but Thom asked for it to be left off the soundtrack because it was too personal. The song plays during the film's closing credits. Drummer Phil Selway performed the drum track to it in a room filled with teddy bears.
- "Let Down" was recorded at 3am in the ballroom.
- The ending sound of "Karma Police" comes from a tape delay machine that malfunctioned when the repeat time was shortened and the feedback was placed at 100%.
- "Fitter Happier" is 'sung' by a computer voice, precisely that of the default voice for MacinTalk Pro spoken text software on Apple Computer's Power Macintosh.
- An early form of "No Surprises" titled "No Surprises, Please", featured completely different lyrics, except for the titular chorus, which spoke of a man waiting for his girlfriend. This is a stark contrast to the later lyrics which deal with wanting to "lead the quiet life" and speaks out against the ever quickening pace of society.
- "Lucky" evolved from Ed experimenting with his effects pedal line up at the sound check for a concert in Japan, where he was strumming the strings above the nut. This sound can be heard on the intro to "Lucky".
- "The Tourist" was written entirely by Jonny while sitting in a park in Paris watching tourists quickly moving and not acknowledging the beautiful place around them.
References to other works
It has been argued that the songs can be linked to characters and events in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four (see External links). The band themselves maintain that although the songs have a common theme centred around modern living, they do not deem OK Computer to be a concept album. Yet since each song appears to be from the viewpoint of a different person in the modern world, there is a case to be made that it is a thematic concept album. The album also contains several references to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams:
- The title of the song "Paranoid Android" comes from the nickname of the depressed robot Marvin.
- In the above song, the lyrics "when I am king, you will be first against the wall" echoes a similar line in the books, stating the Cybernetics Cooperation would "be the first against the wall when the revolution comes".
- The title of the album likely came from a line in the book where one of the characters says "Ok, computer" to Eddie the computer.
Track listing
All tracks written by Thom Yorke, Jonny Greenwood, Phil Selway, Ed O'Brien, and Colin Greenwood. # "Airbag" - 4:44 # "Paranoid Android" - 6:23 # "Subterranean Homesick Alien" - 4:27 # "Exit Music (For a Film)" - 4:25 # "Let Down" - 4:59 # "Karma Police" - 4:22 # "Fitter Happier" - 1:57 # "Electioneering" - 3:51 # "Climbing Up the Walls" - 4:45 # "No Surprises" - 3:49 # "Lucky" - 4:20 # "The Tourist" - 5:25
- "Paranoid Android", "Karma Police" and "No Surprises" were released as singles; "Airbag" was released as part of the Airbag/How Am I Driving? EP in 1998.
- "Let Down", "Lucky", and "Climbing up the Walls" were released either as limited edition singles or promos.
Clips

See also

- List of songs in triple meter (1990-1999)
- Rolling Stone's list of the 50 Moments that Changed Rock and Roll
External links

- [http://web.archive.org/web/20040930190136/http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~adrivera/ Archive of Radiohead Unpackt] - an in-depth interpretation of OK Computer, Kid A and Amnesiac.
- [http://web.archive.org/web/20031211123551/http%3A//www.followmearound.com/press/1984.html Archive of OK Computer and 1984 Comparison Thesis], from defunct fan site "followmearound.com"
- [http://www.radioheadfaq.co.uk/rhfaq.txt unofficial Radiohead FAQ]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/shows/criticallist/must_have_okcomputer.shtml BBC Radio 2 Review.] Category:1997 albums Category:Radiohead albums Category:Parlophone albums Category:Capitol Records albums Category:Concept albums

Category:British film directors
This category contains film directors from the United Kingdom. British Film directors Directors ko:분류:영국의 영화 감독 ja:Category:イギリスの映画監督

Category:Music video directors
This category contains articles about directors of music videos. Category:Directors Category:Music videos
New York Cancer Hospital
The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York is a cancer treatment and research institution founded in 1884 as the New York Cancer Hospital. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) is actually composed of two intimately-related institutions. Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases provides patient care, while Sloan-Kettering Institute is MSKCC's basic-science research arm. The research institute was established in 1945 with a $4,000,000 gift from the foundation of Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Half the gift was to fund construction of a 13-story research facility and the other half to provide annual operating expenses. Charles F. Kettering, vice president and director of research for General Motors Corporation, was to organize and apply modern American industrial research techniques to cancer research. In addition to the Sloan grant, a public campaign to raise an additional $3,000,000 to $4,000,000 was undertaken. At the August 8, 1945 announcement, Sloan and Kettering emphasized that the dramatic news of the atomic bomb, developed with a $2 billion research program was a graphic illustration of what can be accomplished by scientifically organized research as practiced by American industy. If as much money and talented personnel were available as the Government had had for the atomic bomb, they said, very rapid progress could be made in cancer research. MSKCC has long been a leader in cancer surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. It was the first to develop services specifically dedicated to the psychiatric aspects of cancer, to the relief of cancer pain, and to genetic counseling. U.S. News and World Report ranks MSKCC as the best cancer hospital in the country. Since that particular rating service began, only M. D. Anderson Hospital in Houston has rivaled MSKCC. MSKCC is affiliated with the Weill Cornell Medical College. Cornell's Tri-institutional MD/PhD program uses MSKCC as one of its three sites (along with Weill Cornell and Rockefeller University).
External links

- [http://www.mskcc.org Official website]
- [http://hospitals.cancer-help.org/Memorial_Sloan-Kettering_Cancer_Center.html Cancer-help.org - Recent mentions in the online press]
Sources

- "Sloan, Kettering to Combat Cancer", New York Times, August 8, 1945, page 1. cont'd page 40. Category:Cancer organizations Category:Hospitals in New York

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